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Arena Circus (2001), Khabarovsk, Russia
This photograph of the Khabarovsk State Circus in Gagarin Park was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Founded in 1858 as a military outpost, Khabarovsk (population over 600,000) is strategically located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers near the Chinese border. As one of the most important Russian cities in the Far East, Khabarovsk has a broad array of cultural institutions, but until the early ...
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Gusinoe Ozero (Town), Datsan, Main Temple (1858-70), West Facade, Gusinoe Ozero, Russia
This photograph of the main temple at the Gusinoozersk Buddhist monastery (datsan) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located near Gusinoe Ozero (Goose lake) in the southwestern part of the Republic of Buriatiia (Russian Federation), the Gusinoozersk, or Tamchinskii, datsan was founded in the mid-18th century and in 1809 became the center of Buddhism in eastern Siberia, a position it held until 1930. In 1858 work began on ...
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Ivolginsk Buddhist Datsan, Main Temple, Interior, Ivolga, Russia
This photograph of the interior of the main temple at the Ivolginsk Buddhist datsan (monastery) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. This primary Buddhist center in the Republic of Buriatiia (Russian Federation) is situated 25 kilometers to the southwest of Ulan-Ude near the Ivolga River. It was founded in 1946 after the destruction or closure of previous Buddhist monastic communities in what appears to have been a cultural ...
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Zhu Category D: Romance and Love-Related Ceremonies - Ji Feng
The Naxi language spoken by the Naxi people of Yunnan Province, China, is the only pictographic writing system in the world still in use. A member of the Tibetan-Burman language family, Naxi has many of the tonal and symbolic aspects of Chinese. The Naxi language has four tones; each sound complex has many different meanings based on its tone. The Naxi Dongba script is used exclusively by the dongba (shamans/priests) as an aid to the recitation of ritual texts during religious ceremonies and shamanistic rituals. Many of the individual ...
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Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Virgin (1763), Southeast View, Kimzha, Russia
This southeast view of the Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Mother of God, in the village of Kimzha (Mezen'skii District, Arkhangel'sk Oblast), was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The village of Kimzha arose in the early 16th century, on the right bank of the Kimzha River, a tributary of the Mezen' River, which flows into the White Sea. In 1699, a lightning strike and ...
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Ascension-Trinity Monastery, Church of the Ascension (1704), Southeast View, Solikamsk, Russia
This southeast view of the Church of the Trinity (formerly Ascension) at the Ascension-Trinity Monastery in Solikamsk was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Founded around 1430 on the middle reaches of the Kama River, Solikamsk is among the oldest Russian settlements in the Ural Mountains. Its wealth was based on salt (hence the first part of its name) and other minerals. The Ascension Monastery was founded circa 1590 ...
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Ascension-Trinity Monastery, Church of St. Michael Malein (1731), South View, with Procession of the Cross, Saturday, August 12, 2000, Solikamsk, Russia
This view of the Procession of the Cross at the Ascension-Trinity Monastery in Solikamsk was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The procession took place on August 12, 2000, and was part of the rededication of the main monastic Church of the Trinity . In the background is the Church of St. Michael Malein. The Ascension Monastery was founded circa 1590 by local tradesmen and free peasants. Its buildings were ...
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The New Passover Haggadah
The Passover, or Pesach, Haggadah is one of the most important and beloved texts in the Jewish tradition. At the beginning of Passover, Jews the world over gather around tables to read from the Haggadah, a book containing the traditional narrative of the Exodus from Egypt. “Haggadah” means recital or retelling. With its songs and tales and emphasis on the instruction of children, the ancient Passover story is the most commonly illustrated Jewish prayer book. The New Passover Haggadah was created by Israeli artist Asher Kalderon, who in his introduction ...
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Souk el Hout Square (Fish Square)
This photograph by the Tetouan-Asmir Association shows Souk el Hout Square (Fish Square), one of the most charming public squares in the medina of Tetouan, Morocco. Mountaineers from the surrounding tribes come to the square to present their colorful, hand-woven woolen objects for sale. This square was built just outside the city wall. Ali Al-Mandari, the city’s founder, built the wall with its brick towers and kasaba (fortress) in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Tetouan has been called the daughter of Granada, and the kasaba reflects the ...
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Moriah Haggadah
The Passover, or Pesach, Haggadah is one of the most important and beloved texts in the Jewish tradition. At the beginning of Passover, Jews the world over gather around tables to read from the Haggadah, a book containing the traditional narrative of the Exodus from Egypt. “Haggadah” means recital or retelling. With its songs and tales and emphasis on the instruction of children, the ancient Passover story is the most commonly illustrated Jewish prayer book. The Moriah Haggadah was created by Israeli artist Avner Moriah, who drew his models from ...
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North Panorama, with Church of the Transfiguration (1756), (left), Resurrection Cathedral (1750-54, 1908-1911), and Bell Tower (1908-1911), Cherdyn', Russia
This panoramic view of churches in Cherdyn', located in the northern part of Perm' Territory, was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The view includes the Church of the Transfiguration (left), built in 1756 and now lacking its cupolas and bell tower; the Resurrection Cathedral, erected in 1750-54 and expanded in 1908-11 with the construction of a large bell tower; and the Church of St. John the Divine (far ...
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The Song of Solomon
This work is a modern artist’s edition of the biblical Song of Songs, traditionally attributed to King Solomon. The Song of Songs has been interpreted in different ways, ranging from literal interpretations that focus on human love between a man and a woman to those that see it as a divine allegory of God’s love for the Jewish people. This edition, by Israeli artist Tamar Messer, emphasizes the connection between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel. The text is in Hebrew and English. The original silk ...
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Panoramic View of Tetouan
This panoramic photograph of Tetouan, Morocco, by the Tetouan-Asmir Association shows the five century-old medina, the early 20th century Spanish colonial city (or Ensanche) on the edge of Mount Dersa, as well as newly urbanized areas that stretch ten kilometers eastwards towards some of the most beautiful beaches on the Mediterranean. The medina's whitewashed walls, which have earned the city the title of “the White Dove,” and the city’s mountains and beaches reflect the combination of man-made and natural beauty for which Tetouan is known. Located on the ...
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Torres House
This photograph by the Junta de Andalucia shows a house of the prestigious Torres family in the medina of Tetouan, Morocco. One of the medina’s most impressive private houses, the house was built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is an example of Tetouan's Andalusian architecture at its peak. Its features include a courtyard, a wall fountain supplied by water from a natural underground spring, typical Tetouani tiles (known as zellij), carved wooden doors, and beautifully furnished sitting rooms. Located on the Mediterranean Sea east ...
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Bab el Okla
This photograph by the Tetouan-Asmir Association shows Bab el Okla, one the historical seven gates of Tetoaun, Morocco. Bab el Okla is more recent than the other city gates, and is among the busiest. It consists of the main gate and a secondary entrance on the side. The fountain just inside the gate stands out for its typical Tetouani tiles and 18th-century inscriptions of verses praising the city's ruler, Omar Luqash. Located on the Mediterranean Sea east of Tangier, Tetouan served for centuries as a major point of contact ...
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Yaborov House (Late 19th Century), Cherdyn', Russia
This photograph of the Yaborov house in the town of Cherdyn', located in the northern part of Perm' Territory, was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The Yaborov house, at No. 13 Volodarskii Street, is a good example of 19th-century Russian house construction, with a rusticated brick lower story and a wooden second level for the main living space. The thick walls of the house are punctuated with large ...
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Northeast Panorama, Taken from Town Water Tower (Same Viewpoint Used by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii in 1909), Cherdyn', Russia
This panoramic view of Cherdyn', located in the northern part of Perm' Territory, was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The photograph was taken from the same brick water tower (built in 1899) that Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii used in 1909 for a similar northeast view toward the Kolva River. Trees obscure all or part of some the churches visible in the Prokudin-Gorskii view, but both photographs include the Resurrection Cathedral ...
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Church of St. Nicholas (1705), Southwest View, Nyrob, Russia
This southeast view of the Church of St. Nicholas in the town of Nyrob (northern part of Perm' Territory) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Situated near the Kolva River some160 kilometers north of Solikamsk, Nyrob is first mentioned in historical sources in 1579. Because of its remote location, the settlement was chosen in 1601 by Tsar Boris Godunov as the place of exile for the boyar Mikhail ...
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Church of St. Nicholas (1705), South Facade, Detail, Nyrob, Russia
This photograph of the south façade of the Church of St. Nicholas in Nyrob (northern part of Perm' Territory) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Situated near the Kolva River some 160 kilometers north of Solikamsk, Nyrob is first mentioned in historical sources in 1579. Because of its remote location, the settlement was chosen by Tsar Boris Godunov in 1601 as the place of exile for the boyar ...
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Log Church of the Epiphany (also known as Nativity of the Virgin), (1617), Northwest View, with Kama River in Background, Pianteg, Russia
This photograph of the southeast view of the log Church of the Epiphany (also known as the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God) in the village of Pianteg (Perm' Region) was taken in 1999 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Situated on the steep left bank of the Kama River some 40 kilometers southwest of Cherdyn', the Pianteg church is the oldest surviving log structure in the western Urals ...
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Minaret of Jamaa el Kebir (the Great Mosque) of Tetouan
This photograph by the Junta de Andalucia shows the Great Mosque of Tetouan, Morocco, the largest mosque in the medina of Tetouan and one of the city's most beautiful historical monuments. The Great Mosque was built in the early 19th century, near the city's old Jewish quarter, which was moved to its present location at the other end of the medina. An entire 19th-century quarter bearing the mosque's name developed around the mosque. The mosque's minaret was constructed as the highest point in the medina, and ...
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Ivolginsk Buddhist Datsan, with Main Temple (1940s), Ivolga, Russia
This photograph of the Ivolginsk Buddhist datsan (monastery or lamasery) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. This primary Buddhist center in the Republic of Buriatiia (Russian Federation) is situated 25 kilometers to the southwest of Ulan-Ude near the Ivolga River. It was founded in 1946, after the destruction or closure of previous Buddhist monastic communities, in what appears to have been a cultural gesture by the Soviet regime ...
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Log Fort Tower (Late 17th Century), Bel'sk, Russia
This photograph of the surviving log tower at the Bel'sk fort (Irkutsk territory, eastern Siberia) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. From the middle of the 17th century to the 19th century, Russian settlements in the vast Irkutsk territory were built almost entirely of logs. Remarkably, a few of these log structures from the 17th century have survived. Among them is this watch tower from the fort ...
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Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Virgin (1763), Southwest View, Kimzha, Russia
This southwest winter view of the Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Mother of God, in the village of Kimzha (Mezen'sky District, Arkhangel'sk Oblast), was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The village of Kimzha arose in the early 16th century, on the right bank of the Kimzha River, a tributary of the Mezen' River, which flows into the White Sea. In 1699, a lightning strike ...
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Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Virgin (1763), South View, Kimzha, Russia
This south view of the Church of the Hodigitria Icon of the Mother of God, in the village of Kimzha (Mezen'sky District, Arkhangel'sk Oblast), was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. The village of Kimzha arose in the early 16th century, on the right bank of the Kimzha River, a tributary of the Mezen' River, which flows into the White Sea. In 1699, a lightning strike and ...
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Church of the Dormition (1674), North Facade, Varzuga, Russia
This north view of the Church of the Dormition at Varzuga (Murmansk Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Varzuga is located on the south shore of the Kola Peninsula, some 22 kilometers from where the Varzuga River enters the White Sea. By the mid-15th century, Varzuga was a notable outpost in the White Sea territory of the medieval trading center of Novgorod. Varzuga also had strong ties ...
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Church of the Dormition (1674), West Facade Detail, Varzuga, Russia
This detail of the west facade of the Church of the Dormition at Varzuga (Murmansk Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Varzuga is located on the south shore of the Kola Peninsula, 22 kilometers from where the Varzuga River enters the White Sea. By the mid-15th century, Varzuga was a notable outpost in the White Sea territory of the medieval trading center of Novgorod. Varzuga also had ...
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Church of the Dormition (1674) (Left), and Church of St. Afanasii (1857) (Right), West Facade, Varzuga, Russia
This west view of the Church of the Dormition and the Church of Saint Afanasii in Varzuga (Murmansk Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Varzuga is located on the south shore of the Kola Peninsula, 22 kilometers from where the Varzuga River enters the White Sea. By the mid-15th century, Varzuga was a notable outpost in the White Sea territory of the medieval trading center of Novgorod ...
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Church of the Dormition (1674) (Left), and Church of St. Afanasii (1857) (Right), Northwest View, Varzuga, Russia
This northwest view of the Church of the Dormition and the Church of Saint Afanasii in Varzuga (Murmansk Oblast) was taken on a mid-summer's evening in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Varzuga is located on the south shore of the Kola Peninsula, 22 kilometers from where the Varzuga River enters the White Sea. By the mid-15th century Varzuga was a notable outpost in the White Sea territory of the ...
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North and West Walls of Archbishop's Court (Kremlin), with Northwest Tower (1671-75), and St. Sophia Cathedral Bell Tower (1869-70), Vologda, Russia
This northwest view of Archbishop's Court (Arkhiereiskii dvor) in Vologda was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Before the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, Russia depended on a northern route through the White Sea for trade with western Europe. One of the most important centers on this route was Vologda, founded in the 12th century. A rich center of medieval Russian culture, Vologda had numerous churches, of ...
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Savior-Prilutskii Monastery, South Panorama, Winter, Vologda, Russia
This south view of the Savior-Prilutskii Monastery on the outskirts of Vologda was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Before the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, Russia depended on a northern route through the White Sea for trade with western Europe. One of the important centers on this route was Vologda, founded in the 12th century. Vologda’s significance was reaffirmed with the establishment in 1371 of the ...
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Puzan-Puzyrevsky House (Herzen Street No. 35) (1831-33), Vologda, Russia
This view of the Puzan-Puzyrevskii house, No. 35 Herzen Street in Vologda, was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Before the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, Russia depended on a northern route through the White Sea for trade with western Europe. One of the important centers on this route was Vologda, founded in the 12th century. Vologda remained a transportation and commercial hub in the Russian north. In ...
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Cathedral Bell Tower (17th Century, Rebuilt 1869-70), Northwest View over Kremlin Walls, Vologda, Russia
This northwest view of the cathedral bell tower in Vologda was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Before the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, Russia depended on a northern route through the White Sea for trade with western Europe. One of the most important centers on this route was Vologda, founded in the 12th century. A rich center of medieval Russian culture, Vologda had numerous churches, of which ...
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Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin (1694), West Facade, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This west view of the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It rapidly became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century ...
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Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin (1694), South Facade, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This south view of the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It rapidly became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century ...
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Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin (1685-90), South Facade, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This southwest view of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century. Although the ...
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Log Grade School (Left Bank) (Early 20th Century), Ustiuzhna, Russia
This photograph of an early 20th-century log grammar school in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of bog iron. It became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century. Although the town was decimated ...
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Church of the Annunciation (1762), Northwest View, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This northwest view of the Church of the Annunciation in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It rapidly became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century. The town’s former ...
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Panorama, with Left Bank of Mologa River and Church of the Intercession (1780), Ustiuzhna, Russia
This northeast view toward the left (north) bank of the Mologa River at Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. At 456 kilometers in length, the Mologa originates in Tver’ Oblast and flows through eastern Novgorod Oblast before entering Vologda Oblast, where it eventually empties into the Rybinsk Reservoir--a component of the Volga River. The Ustiuzhna settlement was known already in the mid-13th century for its ...
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Church of the Intercession (1780), Southwest View, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This southwest view of the Church of the Nativity of Christ in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It rapidly became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century. The town ...
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Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin (1694), Southwest View, Ustiuzhna, Russia
This southwest view of the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Virgin in Ustiuzhna (Vologda Oblast) was taken in 2001 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on the Mologa River (a tributary of the Volga River), Ustiuzhna was known already in the mid-13th century for its rich deposits of iron ore. It rapidly became one of the earliest Russian centers of metalworking and achieved special prominence in the 16th century ...
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Church of the Dormition (1774), South Facade, Kondopoga, Russia
This south view of the Church of the Dormition in Kondopoga (Karelia) was taken in 2000 by Dr. William Brumfield, American photographer and historian of Russian architecture, as part of the "Meeting of Frontiers" project at the Library of Congress. Located on an inlet of Lake Onega, Kondopoga existed as a settlement by the late 15th century. In the mid-18th century its significance increased with the discovery in two nearby villages of rich sources of marble, used for the construction of some of Saint Petersburg's most notable buildings. Deposits ...
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